怎样写论文摘要

除论文标题之外,读者是通过摘要来决定是否继续阅读整篇论文.因而摘要是一篇论文的窗口.要在最小的空间内阐述问题、描述方法、总结贡献,是需要运用技巧与经验的.

一、摘要的内容
摘要(包括中、英文摘要)的内容应包括目的、方法、结果、结论四个部分。重点应突出文章在结果和结论方面的创新之处.

二、摘要长度
中文摘要长度一般不超过300字,不少于200字;英文摘要应比中文摘要有所扩展,以便使非汉语读者更多地了解文章的内容.长度一般不超过150 words,不少于100 words。少数情况允许例外,但主题概念不得遗漏.为了使在较短的摘要中尽量包含更多的信息,因此,摘要应尽量精练.
1.取消不必要的字句:如“It is reported…”“Extensive investigation show than…”“The author discusses…” “This paper concerned with…”;摘要开头的“In this paper,”;
2.对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;
3.取消或减少背景信息;
4.限制摘要只表示新情况、新内容,过去的研究细节可以取消;
5.不说废话,如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大改进”,“本工作首次实现了…”,“经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入摘要;
6.作者的未来计划不纳入摘要;
7.尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元,如:不用at a temperature of 250℃to 300℃, at a high pressure of 2000Pa, at a hight temperature of 1500℃, discussed and studied in detail,相应用at 250~300℃, at 2000 Pa, at 1500℃, discussed.
8.摘要第一句切不可与题目重复.

三、文体风格
1.摘要叙述要完整、清楚、简明,逻辑性强;
2.句子结构严谨完整,尽量用短句子,并避免句型单调;
3.技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准;
4.在书写英文摘要时,用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述结论;如:“The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-bean electron microscopy. The dislocation are dissociated into two Shokley
partials with separations of (80±10) A and (40±10) A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.”
5.可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式;如用Thickness of plastic sheet was measured. 不用Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made.
6.注意冠词用法,分清a是泛指,the是专指;如Pressure is a function of temperature而不应是Pressure is a function of the temperature. the refinery operates…而不应是Refinery operates…
7.避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词,可将这些词分成几个前置短语,用连字符连接名词组,作为单个形容词(一个形容词)。如应用The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index代替The chlorine-containing high melt index propylene based polymer;
8.不使用俚语外语表达概念,应用标准英语;
9.尽量用主动语态代替被动语态;如A exceeds B比B is exceeded by A 好;
10.慎用行话和俗语;语言要简练,但不得使用电报型语言;如Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chromite investigation应为Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chromite was investigated.
11.文词要纯朴无华,不用多姿多彩的文学性描写手法;
12.组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语;如:不用The decolorization in solution of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.而用When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10 hr of UV irradiation.
13.用重要的事实开头,尽量避免用辅助从句开头;如用:Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally. From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined.
14.删繁就简;如用Increased代替has been found to increase;
15.摘要中词语拼写,用英、美拼写都可,但同一篇须保持一致;
16.摘要中不能出现“图×”、“方程××”和“参考文献××”等句子;
17.摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时,尽量列出他们的名字.

四、其他
1.摘要中尽量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式,而改用文字表达和叙述。
2.对缩写词,首字母缩写词,只有那些已经为大众熟悉的缩写词,如radar, laser,CAD等可以直接使用.对于那些仅为本专业范围内常用的,即使是众所周知的缩略语第一次出现时后面也必须用括号注明全称。